ABSTRACT
Background: Obesity during childhood is a risk factor for developing cardiovascular diseases during adulthood. Aim: To measure insulin and glucose levels and parameters of insulin resistance in obese, overweight and normal weight Mexican children. Material and Methods: Comparative study of 21 obese children with a body mass index (BMI) over percentile 95, aged 10 ± 1 years (10 males), 14 children aged 10 ± 2 (7 males) with a BMI between percentiles 85 and 94 and 16 children aged 9 ± 2 years (3 males) with a body mass index between percentiles 10 and 84. Body weight, blood pressure and waist circumference were measured and a blood sample was obtained to measure fasting glucose and insulin levels. Homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were calculated. Results: Among obese, overweight and normal weight children, insulin levels were 14.9 (95% CI 10.90-18.99), 7.20 (CI 5.12-9.28) and 4.73 (CI 95% 1.92-7.53) uU/ml, respectively. The figures for HOMA were 3.16 (95% CI 2.20-4.12), 1.49 (95% CI 1.03-1.94) and 0.97 (95% CI 0.35-1.60), respectively. The figures for QUICKI were 0.331 (95% CI 0.319-0.343), 0.371 (95% CI 0.349-0.393) and 0.419 (95% CI 0.391-0.446), respectively. Compared to their normal weight counterparts, the risk of obese children and those with a waist circumference over percentile 90 of having a HOMA over 3.16 was 17 and 10 times higher, respectively. BMI correlated better than waist circumference with insulin levels. Conclusions: Obese children have higher levels of insulin resistance than their normal weight counterparts.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Insulin Resistance , Hyperinsulinism/blood , Insulin/blood , Obesity/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Body Mass Index , Sex Factors , Risk Factors , Waist Circumference , Hyperinsulinism/diagnosis , Hyperinsulinism/etiology , Mexico/epidemiology , Obesity/complications , Obesity/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Introducción. Las atrofias musculares espinales de la infancia son enfermedades neuromusculares hereditarias, autosómicas, recesivas, caracterizadas por la degeneración de las neuronas motoras del asta anterior de la médula espinal. La atrofia muscular espinal tipo I (enfermedad de Werdnig-Hoffmann) es la forma más severa. Se inicia in útero o durante los primeros meses de vida. La muerte suele ocurrir antes de los dos años de edad. Caso clínico. Lactante de 6 meses de edad que ingresa al Servicio de Urgencias por dificultad respiratoria severa. Presenta marcada hipotonía muscular, debilidad de musculatura intercostal y fasciculaciones de la lengua. La electromiografía es compatible con polineuropatía motora con daño mielínico y axonal. El análisis molecular reportó un estado homocigoto para la deleción de los exones 7 y 8 del gen SMN-1 . Con estos dos estudios se integra el diagnóstico de atrofia muscular espinal tipo 1 (enfermedad de Werdnig-Hoffmann). Conclusiones. Es importante conocer y diagnosticar esta entidad para brindar consejo genético a la familia, así como asesoramiento y apoyo en el manejo del paciente.
Background. Childhood spinal muscular atrophy is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease characterized by degeneration of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. SMA type I, the most severe form (Werdnig-Hoffmann disease) can be detected in utero or during the first months of life. Death typically occurs within the first 2 years of life. Case report. A 6-month-old female was admitted to the emergency room for severe respiratory distress. She had muscular hypotonia, intercostal muscle weakness and tongue fasciculations. Electromyography was compatible with motor polyneuropathy with axonal and myelin damage. Molecular analysis of SMN-1 gene reported homozygous for deletion of exons 7 and 8 of SMN-1 gene. Conclusions. It is imperative to recognize and diagnose this entity in order to provide genetic counseling to the family as well as to offer support and advice in the care of the patient.